This is a 100 Days challenge to learn a new language (Python). 100 Days of Code - The Complete Python Pro Bootcamp
I will post some notes to motivate myself to finish this challenge.
Open a File
Ex:
# Use open function to get the file object
f = open("my_file.txt", encoding="utf-8")
# By default the read() method returns the whole text
print(f.read())
# It is a good practice to always close the file
# when you are done with it.
f.close()
Open Mode
r read only (default)
w write(override)
a write(append)
x create
t text mode (default)
b binary mode (return contents as bytes objects without any decoding)
Read
Ex: 'r' is the default mode
# Use open function to get the file object
f = open("my_file.txt", encoding="utf-8")
# readline() will return a line of a file
# When reading input from the stream, if newline parameter is None
# (default), universal newlines mode is enabled.
# Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n',
# and these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the caller.
# Then the output for the following line will be 'Hello World!\n'
# We can use end="" parameter for the print function to
# avoid two newline character
print(f.readline(), end="")
# read 2 characters
print(f.read(2))
# read the rest of the current line
print(f.readline(), end="")
# Use for-loop to go through all lines
for line in f:
print(line, end="")
# Close the file
f.close()
Write
Ex: Use 'a' model to append the file
# Use open function to get the file object
f = open("my_file.txt", mode="a", encoding="utf-8")
f.write("I am here\n")
# Close the file
f.close()
Close a File
From the example above, we cannot guarantee that the file will be closed successfully if there are exceptions when doing the file operations. In order to make sure we closed the file, we can add those file operations under try-finally block.
Ex: Use try-finally block
# Use open function to get the file object
file = open("my_file.txt", encoding="utf-8")
try:
# Wrap the instructions inside try block
print(file.read())
finally:
# Close the file
file.close()
It is good practice to use the with keyword when dealing with file objects. The advantage is that the file is properly closed after its suite finishes, even if an exception is raised at some point (Reference).
Ex:
# Use with statement
with open("my_file.txt", encoding="utf-8") as file:
print(file.read())
# NOTE: We don't need to call close() function anymore
Absolute Path V.S. Relative Path
File System:
If we tried to access my_work.txt from main.py:
* Absolute path:
/Work/my_work.txt
* Relative path:
../../my_work.txt
NOTE:
* / means root folder
* ./ means the current folder
* ../ means the parent folder
Project - Refactoring our previous Snake Game
1. Adding highest score to scoreboard.py
2. Make snake game can keep going
3. Save the highest score to the file and load it when app launch
scoreboard.py
from turtle import Turtle
class Scoreboard(Turtle):
def __init__(self):
"""Constructor"""
super().__init__()
# attributes
self.score = 0
self.highest_score = self.load_highest_score()
# init scoreboard
self.hideturtle()
self.color("white")
self.penup()
self.setpos(0, 280)
self.refresh_score()
def increase_score(self):
"""Increase score"""
self.score += 1
self.refresh_score()
def refresh_score(self):
"""Show the latest score on screen"""
# Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen.
self.clear()
# Write text
self.write(
f"Score: {self.score}, Highest Score: {self.highest_score}",
False,
align="center",
)
def reset(self):
"""Reset scores and update screen"""
# Update highest score if needed
if self.score > self.highest_score:
self.highest_score = self.score
# Save highest score to our file system
self.save_highest_score()
# Reset the score
self.score = 0
# Update Screen
self.refresh_score()
def load_highest_score(self):
"""Load Highest Score from file"""
with open("data.txt", mode="r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
return int(file.read())
def save_highest_score(self):
"""Save Highest Score to the file"""
with open("data.txt", mode="w", encoding="utf-8") as file:
# Make sure to transform it to a string before writing
file.write(str(self.highest_score))
food.py
import random
from turtle import Turtle
class Food(Turtle):
def __init__(self):
"""Constructor"""
super().__init__()
# Init food
self.shape("circle")
self.penup()
self.color("red")
self.shapesize(stretch_wid=0.5, stretch_len=0.5)
self.speed("fastest")
# refresh food with random position
self.refresh()
def refresh(self):
"""Refresh food with new random position"""
x_position = random.randint(-280, 280)
y_position = random.randint(-280, 280)
self.setpos(x_position, y_position)
snake.py
from turtle import Turtle
# Constants
STARTING_POSITIONS = [(0, 0), (-20, 0), (-40, 0)]
OUT_POSITION = (1000, 1000)
MOVING_DISTANCE = 20
UP = 90
DOWN = 270
LEFT = 180
RIGHT = 0
class Snake:
def __init__(self):
"""Constructor"""
# Define an attribute to track snake body
self.segments = []
# Call func to init snake
self.create_snake()
# Create a attribute instead of using magic number 0
self.head = self.segments[0]
def create_snake(self):
"""Adding segment(turtle object) to segments list"""
for position in STARTING_POSITIONS:
# add segment with passing position one by one
self.add_segment(position)
def add_segment(self, position):
"""Add segment to the end of snake body"""
segment = Turtle()
segment.shape("square")
segment.color("white")
segment.penup()
segment.setpos(position)
self.segments.append(segment)
def extend(self):
"""Extend the sanke"""
self.add_segment(self.segments[-1].pos())
def move(self):
"""Make sanke move with current heading"""
# Starting from tail, make each segment move to the
# position of the previous segment
for index in range(len(self.segments) - 1, 0, -1):
new_x = self.segments[index - 1].xcor()
new_y = self.segments[index - 1].ycor()
self.segments[index].setpos(new_x, new_y)
# Using attribute instead of magic number
self.head.forward(MOVING_DISTANCE)
def move_up(self):
"""move_up"""
if self.head.heading() != DOWN:
self.head.setheading(UP)
def move_right(self):
"""move_right"""
if self.head.heading() != LEFT:
self.head.setheading(RIGHT)
def move_left(self):
"""move_left"""
if self.head.heading() != RIGHT:
self.head.setheading(LEFT)
def move_down(self):
"""move_down"""
if self.head.heading() != UP:
self.head.setheading(DOWN)
def reset(self):
"""Reset snake"""
# Move all segments of snake to out of the screen area
for s in self.segments:
s.setpos(OUT_POSITION)
# Clear the tracking attribut
self.segments.clear()
# Create a new snake
self.create_snake()
# Update snake's head
self.head = self.segments[0]
main.py
import time
from turtle import Screen
from snake import Snake
from food import Food
from scoreboard import Scoreboard
# Screen Setup
screen = Screen()
screen.setup(width=600, height=600)
screen.title("My Snake Game")
screen.bgcolor("black")
# Turn turtle animation off# Disable screen
screen.tracer(0)
# init
snake = Snake()
food = Food()
scoreboard = Scoreboard()
# Listen events
# Bind fun to key-release event of key
screen.onkey(snake.move_up, "Up")
screen.onkey(snake.move_down, "Down")
screen.onkey(snake.move_right, "Right")
screen.onkey(snake.move_left, "Left")
# Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events)
screen.listen()
game_is_on = True
while game_is_on:
# Perform a TurtleScreen update# Update Screen
screen.update()
# Give some delay for this while loop
time.sleep(0.1)
# Keep moving
snake.move()
# Check if there is a collision for food
if snake.head.distance(food) < 15:
# Increase score
scoreboard.increase_score()
# Make snake longer
snake.extend()
# Update food position
food.refresh()
# Check if there is a collision for wall
if (
snake.head.xcor() >= 285
or snake.head.xcor() <= -285
or snake.head.ycor() >= 285
or snake.head.ycor() <= -285
):
# Reset scoreboard
scoreboard.reset()
# Reset snake
snake.reset()
for segment in snake.segments[1:]:
if snake.head.distance(segment) <= 15:
# Reset scoreboard
scoreboard.reset()
# Reset snake
snake.reset()
# Bind bye() method to mouse clicks on the Screen.
screen.exitonclick()
Challenge - Mail Merge
* Generate letters which are ready to send with the correct content, and make them located into Output/ReadyToSend folder.
* The letter content can be found by a template letter template_letter.txt with a placeholder [name].
* Loop through the list of names from invited_names.txt to replace the letter content placeholder.
template_letter.txt
Dear [name],
How are you?
Frankinvited_names.txt
Sean
Jake
Joey
Nini
main.py
names = []
letter_with_placeholder = ""
# Read invited_names.txt and append each name to a list
with open("./Input/Names/invited_names.txt") as file:
for line in file:
# Use strip() to remove both the leading and the trailing
# characters
names.append(line.strip())
# Read template_letter.txt
with open("./Input/Letters/template_letter.txt") as file:
letter_with_placeholder = file.read()
# Loop through all names
for name in names:
# Use name to replace the placeholder
letter_with_name = letter_with_placeholder.replace("[name]", name)
# Use x model to create a new file with the correct content
with open(
f"./Output/ReadyToSend/letter_for_{name}.txt",
mode="x"
) as file:
file.write(letter_with_name)
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